GENERAL INDEX

Italic numbers indicate illustrations.

Abbott, William E., 527
Abbott family, 527
Aesop, 10–11, 86, and Olmsted’s advocacy of “unbending the faculties,” 107–8
Alameda, 8, 186, 343, 488, 529
Allan, Hugh, 417
Alphand, Jean-Charles-Adolphe (1817–1891), 236, 330, 336, 348; Les Promenades de Paris, 318
American Institute of Architects: FLO honorary member of, 454
American Museum of Natural History (N.Y.C.), 277, 326
American Social Science Association, 17, 31, 201, 346; Journal of Social Science, 4, 331, 346
André, Edouard François (1840–1911), 351, 376, 379, 411, 415
Appleton, Jay: The Experience of Landscape, 14
Argyle, Duke of, 49
Astor, William Backhouse, 26, 194, 205
Astor, William Waldorf: and bill limiting uses of Central Park, 331, 346
Athens, Greece, 12
Atlanta, Ga., 533
Avenue de l’Imperatrice (Paris), 13, 134, 135, 145
Back Bay Fens (Boston, Mass.), 23, 40–43, 471, 473, 525; appropriations for, 454; boundaries of, 445, 452, 457; called a park, 437, 453; and Charles River, 443, 445; and Commonwealth Avenue, 441, 455; construction of, 506; cost of, 440, 505, 507, 532; criticism of, 453; description of, 452; design competition for, 40, 41, 441–42, 455; and exterior streets, 445; FLO creates three plans for, 442, 456; and Muddy River, 442, 445, 450, 452; natural conditions of, 44; plan for, 41, 444, 445, 446–47, 457; and propagating birds on, 595; purchase of land for, 440, 455; purpose of, 437; and regulation of water level in, 445, 446–48; and Stony Brook, 442, 452
—bridges and arches: Agassiz Bridge, 43; Boylston Street bridge, 42–43, 448, 449, 450, 457–58, 493
—entrances: Beacon Street, 458–59
—landscape features of: plant materials, 446–48, 450, 458–59
—site of, 41, 440, 441, 455; disadvantages of, 441, 443, 452
Bacon, Francis, 350, 411
Baldwin, Simeon Eben, 365, 414
[626]
Baltimore, Md., 230, 427
Barillet-Deschamps, Jean-Pierre, 204
Barnum, P. T., 169
Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste, 454; designs Statue of Liberty, 440
Baxter, Sylvester, 45
Bay View, N.Y.: rifle range at, 588, 595
Bazalgette, Sir Joseph William, 511, 533
Beach, Alfred E., 203
Beddoe, John: “On the Physical Degeneration of Town Population,” 202
Belgium, 487, 529
Belle Isle (Detroit, Mich.), 37–40, 41, 584; accessible only by water, 589; appropriations for, 425, 434, 435; bridge for, 425; and criticism of pier and gallery for, 426, 435; construction of, 39; FLO explains plan for, 421, 434; landscape features of, 38; plan for, 38, 420–21, 422–23, 431; and policy for, 516; “prairie” section of, 61; site of, 419; visitors to, 426; as waterside resort, 428, 595
—architectural structures in: gallery, 4, 38, 39, 40, 422–23, 424, 425–30, 432, 434, 435; pier, 4, 38, 39, 40, 422–26, 434, 435
—areas in: City Fair, 38, 39, 595; ladies’ ground, 425; match-ground, 425; meadow, 38
—board of commissioners for, 39, 425, 434; adopt plan for park, 421; engage FLO to lay out park, 419, 434; and objections to park plan, 426; relations of, with Common Council, 38, 40; relations of, with FLO, 37, 425
—circulation system of: avenue, 38, 40; drive, 425; walk, 425
—water features of: canal, 38, 39, 40, 425, 432
Bennett, James Gordon, 26
Bentham, Jeremy, 198, 205
Berkeley, Calif., 8–9
Berlin, Germany, 13, 134, 173, 258; boulevards in, 471
Birkenhead, England, 6–7, 70, 74, 75, 76; Abbey in, 69, 76; docks in, 74, 77; Hamilton Square in, 76; parks and public spaces in, 321; as a suburb of Liverpool, 69; and Woodside ferry, 76
Birkenhead Park (Birkenhead, England), 3, 6–7, 30, 61, 62, 348; description of, 71, 73; entrance to, 70; plan of, 72; and residential lots for, 73
Blackstone, Sir William, 600, 613
Blandford, Mass., 201–2
Board of Commissioners of the Central Park (N.Y.C.) (1857–1870), 18–19, 239, 273, 336, 501, 522; appointed by the governor, 195; and construction of boulevards, 105, 111; and construction of the park, 278; creation of, 205, 601, 614; and development of Manhattan streets, 12–13, 140, 145–46, 200, 205; elimination of, 273; policies of, 264, 265, 277; relations of, with city government, 196; relations of, with FLO, 50
Board of Commissioners of the Department of Public Parks (N.Y.C.) (1870–), 24; and the clearing of undergrowth on Central Park, 268, 278–79; creation of, 239, 273; dismisses FLO, 348; and erection of structures on Central Park, 266; and newly conceived projects for Central Park, 246, 274; policies of, during Tweed Ring, 24, 25, 26, 27, 263; relations of, with FLO, 28; and removal of screening woods on Central Park, 266, 278; terminates relationship with FLO and CV, 275
Board of Commissioners of Prospect Park (Brooklyn, N.Y.) (1860–), 106; and laying out of Kings County streets, 142; and maintaining possession of property east of Flatbush Avenue, 103, 105; and park keepers, 114; and zoological garden, 109
Bogart, John, 113, 143, 530
Bolton, Edward D., 597, 613
Bonvin, Léon, 478, 527
Boston, Mass., 14, 181–82, 427, 503, 524; advantages of, for residences, 472; Boston Athenaeum, 524; Boston Academy, 525; Chestnut Hill Reservoir, 471; Charles River dam, 43; disadvantages of, 474–75; Faneuil Hall, 530; fire department in, 511; flood in, 450, 458; movement for public parks in, 17, 18, 19, 463, 467, 497, 526, 529, 530; and Muddy River, 43, 471; Museum of Art, 524; police commission in, 511; police force in, 533–34; politics in, 44; and Stony Brook, 450
[627]
—parks and public spaces in, 452, 454, 468, 470, 471–72, 526, 580, 611; Arnold Arboretum, 452, 459, 471, 483, 491, 524, 534; boating in Boston Harbor, 589; Boston Common, 312, 471, 482, 489, 496; Boston Public Garden, 41, 43, 471, 475, 482, 483, 496, 502, 508, 527, 532; Charlesbank, 42, 45, 56, 65; funds for, 44; Jamaica Pond, 43, 452, 459, 471; Marine Park, 41, 589, 595; Park Square, 465, 526; parkways, 452, 459, 521; Riverdale Parkway, 521; Riverway, 43; sites for, 40; Wood Island Park, 456, 516, 534
—parks commission of, 498; appoints FLO “Landscape Architect Advisory,” 442, 455–56; criticism of Boylston Street bridge design, 448; and economic retrenchment, 532; FLO visits sites for park system for, 40; members of, 440, 454; relations of, with FLO, 43, 455; requests FLO judge Back Bay design competition, 441, 455; requests FLO prepare plan for Back Bay, 442
—streets in: Charles Street, 482; Columbia Street, 521; Commonwealth Avenue, 471; Humboldt Avenue, 521; Massachusetts Avenue, 471
Boston Society of Architects, 452
Boston Society of Civil Engineers, 445, 456
Bowler, Robert A., 614
Bowles, Samuel (1826–1878), 171, 201
Brace, Charles Loring (1826–1890), 6, 35, 155, 349
Bradley, William Hammatt, 442, 456
Brewer, William, 416
Bridgeport, Conn.: Seaside Park, 159–60, 169
Brooklyn, N. Y, 14, 83, 94, 115, 191, 230; Brooklyn Museum, 12; Public Library, 12; acquisition of land for public parks in, 200; advantages of, for residences, 132; “Battle of,” 110; deaths in, 127; Eighth Ward, 145; Greenwood Cemetery, 109; Harbor Hill Moraine, 145; land values in, 133; movement for public parks in, 106; reservoir in, 81; Valley Grove Tavern, 109
—parks and public spaces in, 468; Botanic Garden, 12; Eastern Parkway, 14; Mount Prospect Park, 106; Ocean Parkway, 14; parade ground, 110; parkways, 12–14, 16, 110, 137–38, 314; and Sunday-school Union Parade, 529
—streets in, 116, 131; Flatbush Avenue, 81, 106; Ninth Avenue, 96; Warren Street, 81; Washington Avenue, 81
Brooklyn Bridge, 437, 438, 440, 453
Bross, William, 19
Brown, John Crosby, 600, 614
Brown, John Croumbie, 614
Brown, Louis B., 205
Brussels, Belgium, 173; boulevards in, 471
Bryant, William Cullen, 350, 411
Buffalo, N.Y., 503, 532; Abbot’s Corners Road, 54; Belt Line, 577, 594; and boating on Lake Erie, 589; Buffalo Creek, 54; Cazenovia Creek, 55; Delaware Street, 162, 170; and enabling legislation for park system, 169; Erie Canal, 169; and flooding of Thirteenth Ward, 595; Forest Lawn Cemetery, 17, 162, 163, 166, 168, 169, 577; Fort Porter, 162, 164, 168, 169; Hamburg Turnpike, 583; High Street, 162, 164, 168; importance of, as a city, 581; and land east of Jefferson Street, 15; movement for public parks in, 46, 54, 158, 168, 413, 503, 592–93; Niagara River, 169; proposed sites of park system for, 14, 162; Potters field, 162, 168, 169; and railroads, 54; south side of, 55; Thirteenth Ward, 585; Thirteenth Ward residents petition Common Council for a park, 592
—parks and public spaces in, 498, 576; Avenue, The, 170; Bidwell Parkway, 170, 526; Cazenovia Park, 57; Chapin Parkway, 526; Delaware Avenue, 16, 156; driving park, 166–67, 170; Front, The, 15, 16, 21, 55, 56, 168, 170, 526, 577, 593, 594; Humboldt Parkway, 15, 16, 170, 526; Lincoln Parkway, 170, 526; Niagara Square, 54; Parade, The, 15, 16, 21, 55, 143, 168, 169, 170, 526; Park, The (Delaware Park), 168; Parkside, 16–17; park system, 3, 15, 16, 44, 165, 167; parkways, 3, 165–67, 170, 314, 471, 526, 581, 594, Prospect
[628]
Buffalo, N.Y. (continued) Place, 166, 170; Soldiers Place, 15, 16, 170
—parks commission: creation of South Park, 576; and purchase of land for Delaware Park, 593; relations of, with FLO, 414
Buffalo Express, 573
Buffalo State Hospital for the Insane (Buffalo, N.Y.), 15, 17, 170, 577, 594
Burns, Robert, 371, 415, 478, 527
Bushnell, Horace, 168–69
Cairo, Egypt, 125, 511, 533
California, 171, 201; climate of, 313
California, College of (Berkeley, Calif.), 8–9
Cambridge, Mass.: Agassiz Museum, 524; Cambridge Observatory, 524
Carew, Joseph Thomas, 597, 613
Carlyle, Thomas, 49
Central Park (N.Y.C.), 18, 21, 83, 131, 141, 186, 194, 312, 324, 336, 348, 499, 501; and artificial features in, 254; and boulevards, 271; boundaries of, 254, 275, 508; carriages used in, 144; and children in, 241–44; construction of, 205, 260, 267, 505–6, 508–9, 533; cost of, 193, 199, 210, 239, 240, 273, 505, 507, 508, 530; creation of, 324, 614; crime in, 198; criticism of, 500; effect of, on New York City, 197–98; effect of, on public health, 197; effect of, on real estate values, 194, 229; enclosures for, 252, 493, 496, 529; English sparrows on, 227, 237–38; extension of, to 110th Street, 168, 530; and exterior streets, 271, 272, 342–43; land acquired for, 159; map of, 325; mismanagement of, 4, 24; music in, 254; night use of, 218, 272, 280; nursery for, 267, 278; and other uses for, 531; and parkways, 105, 137; as possible site for World’s Fair, 331, 346, 531; prevention of misuse of, 300–304; purpose of, 25, 250–51, 258, 298–99; serving of refreshments on, 199, 244, 272; as site of Metropolitan Museum of Art, 277; as site of Paleontology Museum, 277; as site of zoological garden, 263–64, 274, 277, 278; suggested uses for, 248–50, 500–501; work still to be completed on, 272
—architectural structures in, 256, 260, 262, 263, 265; ballplayers’ cottage, 261, 276; barn, 263; Belvedere, 108, 274, 326; Bethesda Terrace, 108, 276, 326; Casino (Refreshment House), 275; Children’s Cottage, 244, 245, 275; Children’s Shelter, 243, cottage, 270; Dairy, 24, 244, 246, 247, 274, 275; Deer House, 266, 278; Mineral Spring Pavilion, 261, 276; Mount St. Vincent convent buildings, 246, 266, 275, 278; New York State Arsenal, 104, 110, 263, 265, 276, 277, 531; Pergola, 326; Sheepfold, 24, 269, 270, 274, 279; stable, 263, 276
—areas in: ballground, 496; Children’s District, 242, 246, 275; concert ground, 326; Cricket Ground, 92, 93, 108; East Meadow, 266, 278; Green (Sheep Meadow), 24, 108, 204, 266, 270, 276, 278, 326, 496; Kinderberg, 326; lawn, 245, 275; Mall, 46, 108, 269, 276, 496; meadows, 260; Northern Meadows, 266, 274, 276, 278; playground, 243, 266, 276, 278; Ramble, 7, 108, 326; Vista Rock, 92, 108, 205
—bridges and arches, 25, 260, 262; Arch no. 23, 270, 279; Bow Bridge, 508, 533; Dalehead Arch, 276; Greywacke Arch, 261; Marble Arch, 93, 108
—circulation system of, 262, 263; Bridle Road, 270; carriage concourse, 245, 275; drives, 108, 242, 247, 271, 276, 427, 496; East Drive, 436; rides, 496; separation of ways, 8, 259–60, 276; subways, 276; transverse roads, 8, 237; walks, 266–67, 271, 496; West Drive, 436
—design of, 5, 7, 25, 246, 261, 265–66, 266, 274; Greensward plan, 256, 275; use of pastoral scenery in design of, 251–52, 253; use of picturesque scenery in design of, 252, 253
—entrances of, 243, 496; Columbus Circle, 11; gates, 429; Inventor’s Gate, 307; Merchant’s Gate, 92, 108; Scholars’ Gate, 104, 110
[629]
—keepers, 5, 19, 25–29, 283; appointment of, 294, 297; assignments of, 284; “beat system” for, 27, 281, 282; change in system for, 281; conduct of, 295–96; creation of, 307; daily routine of, 284–86, discipline of, 27; duties of, 27, 281, 286–87; extra, 281, 286; FLO’s organization of, 26; Harlem Beat of, 307; health of, 26, 296–97; leaves of absence of, 287; neglect of duty of, 296; patrol-keepers, 281, 286–87; post-keepers, 281, 288; purpose of, 28, 300–304; “round system” for, 27, 281, 282–84, 307; routes of, 282–84; rules of conduct for, 288–93; and temporary vacancies, 287–88; watch-boxes for, 289
—landscape features of, 92–93, 242, 244, 251–53, 259, 265–66, 270, 326; plant materials, 22, 24, 267, 268; and thinning of trees, 278
—maintenance of: clearing of undergrowth in, 268; grazing sheep on, 263
—recreational features: ice skating on, 108; playing of team sports on, 184–85, 204, 241
—site of, 92, 93, 192–93, 205, 251–52, 253, 270, 275, 326, 513
—visitors to, 26, 196, 197, 245, 271, 300, 305–6, 326, 364, 464, 500, 513, 521
—water features of, 94, 230; Lake, 108, 326; South Pond, 244, 275
Charles II (king of England), 321
Chesbrough, Ellis Sylvester, 511, 533
Chicago, Ill., 14, 171, 191, 206, 511, 533; Chicago River, 216; climatic conditions of, 227; creates South Park Commission, 235; and Lake Michigan, 211, 530; North Park Commission of, 20, 237; parkways for, 526; police force in, 533; unemployment in, 201; movement for public parks in, 19–20; and Riverside (suburb), 526; and World’s Columbian Exposition, 595
—parks and public spaces in, 209, 497–98, 506; Douglas Park, 20, 530; Garfield (Central) Park, 20, 530; Humboldt Park, 20, 530; Jackson Park, 20, 237, 530; Lincoln Park, 20, 221, 237, 330, 530, 613; parkways in, 314, 471, 521; Washington Park, 20, 237, 530; West parks, 20
Christison, Robert: “Address on Public Health,” 202
Cincinnati, Ohio: Spring Grove Cemetery, 329, 330
—park commission, 597; hires Adolph Strauch as superintendent, 615; invites FLO to visit and advise, 58, 612; members of, 3, 57, 613; Ohio state legislature abolishes, 58, 612
—parks and public spaces in, 607; Burnet Woods Park, 58; Eden Park, 58; FLO visits, 597
Cities. See Towns
Cleveland, Horace William Shaler, 23, 57
Cleveland, Stephen Grover, 50, 504, 532
Cleveland, Ohio: parkways in, 314
Cobb, Samuel, 454
Colfax, Schuyler, 19
Collins, Patrick Andrew, 497, 498, 530
Colorado, 600; “chain of parks,” 614
Coney Island, N.Y., 110, 428
Coolidge, Thomas Jefferson, 454
Copeland, Robert Morris, 17
Cornell, Alonzo, 571
Cornell, Ezra, 50
Crane, B. F., 275
Crane, Edward, 526
Cresson, John C., 330
Crimmins, John D., 531
Croton Aqueduct Department (N.Y.C.), 277
Crystal Palace Park (Sydenham), 226
Culyer, John Y., 113, 114, 143, 529, 530
Dalton, Charles Henry, 40–41, 42, 454, 455
Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., 530
David, Ferdinand-Conan, 361, 412, 414
Davis, Alexander Jackson, 107
Davis, Joseph Phineas, 41, 42, 112, 142, 441, 442, 455, 457
Dawson, Samuel C., 37
De Amicis, Edmondo, 415; Holland, 371
Decaisne, Joseph, 376–77, 415–16
de La Salle, Robert, 574
Delaware Park (Park, The) (Buffalo, N.Y.), 14–17, 41, 55, 56, 478, 525, 527, 530, 576, 581, 592; acquisition of land for, 170; approaches to, 165; boating on, 589–90; cost of, 505, 507, 590–91;
[630]
Delaware Park (continued) cost of land for, 593; entrances to, 429; history of, 503–5, 577; and parkways, 526; purchase of additional twelve acres for, 436, 532, 593; purpose of, 580; waterside scenery of, 588
—architectural structures in, 16; boat house, 21, 427, 436; cost of, 465; refectory, 15
—areas in: children’s playground, 15; Lake, 15, 170; meadow, 61; picnic grove, 15, 427, 436, 586
—site of, 15, 163, 577; and land for the Buffalo State Hospital for the Insane, 594; legislation changing boundaries of, 592–93; and Forest Lawn Cemetery, 593
de Medici, Catherine, 342, 347
Des Cars, A.: A Treatise on Pruning Forest and Ornamental Trees, 376
Detroit, Belle Isle and Windsor Ferry Company, 426, 435
Detroit, Mich.: City Council and pier and gallery for Belle Isle, 425–26; city government for, 421, 434; parks in, 506
Detroit Evening News, 434; and criticism of pier and gallery for Belle Isle, 435
Dijon, France, 352–53; boulevards in, 471
Doogue, William, 527
Dorsheimer, William Edward, 14, 46, 51, 158, 168, 535, 570, 571
Downing, Andrew Jackson, 6, 75, 77–78; advocates public parks in the United States, 324, 336, 347–48; editor of the Horticulturist, 7, 8, 347
Drake, Francis Samuel, 528; The Town of Roxbury, 480
Dublin, Ireland, 173
Dufferin, Lord (governor-general of Canada), 48, 331, 571
Eckardt, Julius: Modern Russia, 202
Eidlitz, Leopold, 168
Eliot, Charles, 39, 44, 58, 612
Eliot, Charles William, 44
Ellet, Charles, Jr., 453
Ellicott, Joseph, 16, 170
Ellicott, Joseph P., 528
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 49, 350, 411, 477, 478, 480, 526, 528–29
Emerson, Ruth, 529
Emerson, William, 480, 528–29
England: climate of, 313; rural tastes in, 173; seaside piers in, 217, 237
English sparrows, 227, 237–38
Europe, boulevards and avenues in, 314
Evelyn, John, 347: advocates replanting of English parks, 335; Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees, 347
Everett, Edward, 26, 194, 205
Fairmount Park (Philadelphia, Pa.), 236, 330, 429, 453, 478, 527, 530; construction of, 328; cost of, 505; pleasure boating on, 589, 595; as site for Centennial Exhibition, 330; site of, 327, 532
Ferry, Dexter B., 434
Fields, James T., 17, 60
France: climate of, 313; parks and public spaces in, 314–15; seaside piers in, 217, 237
Franklin, Benjamin, 46
Franklin Park (Boston, Mass.), 41, 42, 43–46, 452, 456, 459, 471; children in, 484; construction of, 506–7; cost of, 505, 507–8; enclosures in, 448, 457, 493, 496; financing of, 46; and Forest Hills, 493; and Forest Hills Cemetery, 489, 491; history of park movement for, 496–97; importance of rural scenery in, 477–78; map of, 480–81; night use of, 45, 481; passages of natural scenery in, 45; picnicking in, 484; as place of education, 524–25; plan of, 482, 494–95, 482; purpose of, 477; refreshments served in, 486–87; view of Blue Hills from, 491
—architectural structures in: commission offices, 489; Dairy, 45, 486; Ellicott House, 529; Playstead Overlook Shelter, 45, 487, 488; Refectory, 46, 486, 488; Refectory terrace, 491; Schoolmaster Hill shelter, 64; superintendent’s office, 484; terrace, 46; Valley Gate, 45
—areas in: Abbotswood, 479, 484, 485, 492, 527; archery ranges, 484; athletic field, 46; ballground, 488; Country Park, 45, 45–46, 457, 480, 483–87, 490, 491, 493, 496; croquet grounds, 484; deer park, 46, 488, 496; Ellicottdale, 45, 480, 485, 486, 487, [631] 528; Greeting, 45, 46, 480, 488, 490, 493, 496; Hagborne Hill, 480, 492, 527; Heathfield, 480, 484, 528; Juniper Hill, 484, 492; lawns, 484; Little Folks’ Fair, 46, 488, 490, 496; Long Crouch, 480, 528; Long Crouch Woods, 488, 496; Music Court, 46, 488, 490, 496; Nazingdale, 46, 480, 491, 492; Nursery, 489; Playstead, 45, 46, 480, 487, 488, 489, 490, 491, 493, 496; Playstead Overlook, 487–88; Promenade, 46, 488; Refectory Hill, 488; Resting Ground, 480, 528; Rock Hill, 479, 527; Rock Milton, 484, 492; Rock Morton, 480, 484, 492, 528; Sargent’s Field, 488, 496; Scarboro Hill, 484, 486, 492, 493, 527; Schoolmaster Hill, 45, 480, 484, 485, 492; Steading, 480, 489; tennis courts, 484, 488; Waittwood, 480, 484, 492, 528; Wilderness, 480, 484, 490, 491, 492, 493
—boundaries of, 489; Canterbury Street, 489, 491; Forest Hills Street, 489; Seaver Street, 528; Sigourney Street, 489
—circulation system of, 491; carriage concourse, 45, 488; drives, 486, 489, 492, 493, 496; Glen Road, 479, 482, 491, 527; Long Trail Road, 480; Pierrepont Road, 480, 528; rides, 493, 496; walks, 486, 493, 496
—entrances, 45, 496; Williams Street, 486, 489
—exterior streets: Blue Hill Avenue, 481; Boylston Street, 489; Forest Hills Street, 481
—landscape features of, 484–85, 490–93; planting of border trees, 490; plant materials, 492; plantings, 490–91
—recreational features: and playing of team sports, 487
—site of, 473–74, 499; property purchased for, 527–28
Gambrill, Charles D., 457
Gardner, James Terry, 48, 51, 570, 572
Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn, 478, 527
George IV (king of England), 321
Germany, streets in, 124
Gibson, John, 204
Gilbert, Grove Karl, 553, 573
Gillespie Graham, James, 69, 76
Glasgow, Scotland, 173
Godwin, Parke, 25
Goldsmith, Oliver, 172; “Deserted Village,” 202
Graces, the, 191, 204
Gray, Asa, 49
Gray, William, Jr., 454
Green, Andrew Haswell (1820–1903), 50, 280; and development of Manhattan streets, 12–13, 140, 145–46; as member of Niagara Reservation commission, 50–51; relations of, with FLO, 50–51
Grundel, Hermann, 455
Gzouski, C. S., 53
Hagborne, Samuel, 528
Hale, Edward Everett, 17, 204; Sybaris and Other Homes, 187, 204
Hall, William Hammond, 30
Hamburg, Germany, 173
Hamerton, Philip Gilbert, 345, 349, 465; Etching & Etchers, 525–26
Harper’s New Monthly Magazine, 478
Harrison, Jonathan Baxter, 50, 572
Hartford, Conn., 57; Bushnell Park, 159, 168–69
Hartwell and Richardson (architectural firm), 46
Haughton, James, 17
Haussmann, Baron Georges Eugène, 145, 348, 530–31
Heath, Joseph, 528
Heath, William, 528
Hennepin, Father Louis, 574
Henry VIII (king of England), 321
Herbert, George, 367, 415
Hildenbrand, Wilhelm, 453
Hill, David B., 50
Hill, John Boynton, 529
Hilton, Henry, 275
Hoffman, John T., 271, 279–80
Holland, 55, 364, 487, 529
Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 49, 175, 530; Elsie Venner: A Romance of Destiny, 202
Hooker, Joseph, 49
Horticulturist, 6, 7–8, 75
Howe, Edward Willard, 445, 453, 456; “The Back Bay Park, Boston,” 456
[632]
Hunt, Richard Morris, 440, 454
Hyacinth, Socrates, 201
Illinois Central Railroad, 226
Irving, Washington, 173; Bracebridge Hall, 202
Italy: climate of, 313
Jackson Park (Chicago, Ill.), 21, 22, 23, 42, 56, 330. See also South Park (Chicago, Ill.), Lower Division
Jenney, William Le Baron, 20
Jensen, Jens, 23
Jerusalem: and Mount of Olives, 334, 347
Johnson, Samuel, 600, 613
Kellogg, M. A., 278
Kellum, John, 275
Kelly’s Post Office London Directory, 176, 202–3
Kimball, Francis Hatch, 417
Kingsland, Ambrose C., 7–8, 75, 614
Kirchner, Frank, 612
Laird, John, 77
Landscape design styles: gardenesque, 190, 256, 257, 276, 310, 465, 527; in England, 190; in France, 190; natural, 89, 256, 257, 276, 465; natural scenery, 5, 9, 22, 31, 256, 465; pastoral, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 22, 94, 108, 251–52, 311; picturesque, 7, 22, 24, 108, 189–90, 252, 310; sublime, 22, 211; subtropical, 22, 91, 108, 190, 204, 321, 329, 344, 387
LeBrun, Napoleon, 453
Leeds, Lewis, 203
Lehigh Valley Railway Company, 583, 594
Le Nôtre, André, 276, 334, 347, 352
LeSage, Louis, 409, 417
Litchfield, Edwin Clark, 107
Liverpool, England, 75, 127; and acquisition of park property, 159; parks and public spaces in, 321, 602
Locke, John, 107, 110
London, England, 127, 128, 173, 176, 209, 258, 333, 511, 533; and acquisition of park property, 159; Christopher Wren’s plan for, 120; Great Fire of, 121, 122, 144, 180–81, 203; Metropolitan Police Force of, 533; plague in, 121, 144, 204; as site of International Exhibition, 7, 77, 226, 340, 349; suburbs of, 339; use of pneumatic tubes in, 203
—parks and public spaces in, 30, 311, 318–21, 336, 580, 601, 602, 611; Hyde Park, 342, 347; Pall Mall, 234; Piccadily Circus, 238; Prince Albert Memorial, 321; Quadrant, 234, 238; St. James’s Park, 223, 228, 236, 237, 238
—streets in, 12, 119, 121, 122, 124, 130, 144; Regent Street, 234
Long Branch, N.J., 200, 205, 339, 348, 584, 594
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 49, 350, 411; “Evangeline,” 416
Louisiana, 386
Louisville, Ky., 16
Louis XIV (king of France), 347
Lowell, James Russell, 49, 350, 411, 477, 478
Lowell Institute (Boston, Mass.), 17
McAdam, John Loudon, 77
McCagg, Ezra, 19, 20
McGauvran, John W., 361, 412, 414
McGibbon, William, 406, 418
McLaughlin, Hugh, 107
McLean Hospital (Belmont, Mass.), 519, 534
McMillan, James, 37, 434
McMillan, William, 504, 532, 596
Maguire, Patrick, 44
Manchester, England, 478; Dunham Massey Hall (and Park), 478–79, 527
Manhattan Square (N.Y.C.): proposed as site for zoological garden, 264, 277
Manning, Jacob, 613
Manning, Warren Henry, 597, 613
Marine Park (Boston, Mass.), 456
Martin, Charles Cyril, 112, 113, 142
Marxhausen, August, 434
Mason, William, 350, 411
Massachusetts, 172
Massachusetts General Hospital Corporation, 519
Meacham, George F., 532
Memphis, Tenn., 511, 533
Metropolitan Museum of Art (N.Y.C.), 277, 326, 501, 531
Mexico: climate of, 313
Michigan Central Railroad, 226
[633]
Miller, Edward C., 114, 143
Millet, Jean François, 478, 527
Mills, Merrill I., 434
Minneapolis, Minn., 57
Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 352, 531–32; Côtes des Neiges reservoir in, 406; Hotel-Dieu Hospital, 404, 417; little reservoir in, 402; and Panic of 1873, 412, 413; public parks in, 498; street arrangements in, 402
—City Council of, 33, 34; policy of, regarding Mount Royal, 354, 358–59; relations of, with Mount Royal park commissioners, 414; and reservoir for Mount Royal, 409, 418; and smallpox hospital on Mount Royal Park site, 386
Montreal Evening Star, 358, 414
Montreal Gazette, 358
Moore, William A., 434
Moran, William B., 434
Morris, William, 350, 411
Morton, Joseph, 528
Morton family, 528
Moses, Robert, 109
Mould, Jacob Wrey, 278
Mount Gibbs, Calif., 388, 416
Mount Royal (Montreal, Quebec, Canada), 32–37, 473, 530; advantages of, 393–94, 397; boundaries of, 34, 399, 401–2, 412, 413; charms of natural scenery on, 37; construction of, 34, 358, 387, 405; cost of, 411; and Côtes des Neiges Cemetery, 385, 409, 412, 413; design for, 32, 353, 380–81; effects of economic depression on, 33; FLO’s initial observations of, 416; FLO’s two lectures about, 32, 35, 36, 354–55, 412, 413, 417; and Frothingham property, 412; and Hugh Allan property, 401–2, 417; and John Redpath property, 401, 417; and McGill College, 402; map of, 382–83; pastoral scenery for, 33, 385–86; plan for, 409, 399; police for, 392; public pressure regarding construction of, 358; purchase of property for, 34, 401–2, 412; purpose of, 363; regulation of activities on, 389–90; relation of, to Saint Jean Baptiste, 386; residential lots for, 34, 399; as site for small-pox hospital, 34, 342, 349, 501–2, 531–32; and Tompkins property, 418; value of, 365–66; visitors to, 391, 392; workforce for, 398
—architectural structures in: administration buildings, 408; pavilion, 410; refectory, 34, 391, 408, 417; shelter, 408; sheltered seats, 410
—areas in, 379; Brackenfell, 385, 389, 392, 396, 408, 410; Côte Placide, 386, 395, 400, 404; Crags, 382–84, 395, 401, 407, 417; Cragsfoot, 386; Glades, 385–86, 396, 409; Lac au Castors, 33–34; Piedmont, 386, 395, 404; promenade, 34, 409; reservoir, 33, 409, 412, 418; Underfell, 385, 386, 392, 395, 404, 408; Upperfell, 385, 386, 391–92, 396, 408
—circulation system of, 403–4; approach road to top of the mountain, 32, 34, 358, 372–74, 394–96; bridle road, 359; carriage concourses, 408; drives, 33, 404–6, 419; separation of ways, 34; sidewalk, 33; stairs, 407; walks, 406–7
—entrances, 33, 400, 402, 410; Bleury Street, 405, 412; Carleton Street, 405; Côtes des Neiges Road, 405; Drummond Street, 386, 405
—exterior streets: Bleury Street, 34, 400, 402; Carleton Street, 402; Côtes des Neiges Road, 385; Drummond Street, 402; McGill Street, 402; McTavish Street, 402; Peel Street, 402; Pine Avenue, 34, 402, 408; Sherbrooke Street, 402; University Street, 34
—landscape features of, 32, 369, 394–96; plant materials, 375–76, 377–78, 379–86, 387, 388, 391–92
—park commission, 32, 34, 35, 36, 353, 355, 412; approve FLO’s plan for, 354; employ FLO for Mount Royal design, 356–57, 411–12; limits of power of, 361; relations of, with City Council, 32, 359, 361, 414; relations of, with FLO, 35–36, 370, 413, 414; unfixed policy of, 358–59; visit FLO in New York, 413
—site of, 32, 365, 374–75, 378–79, 399, 411–12; use of, by invalids, 37, 394–95, 407
Muddy River Sanitary Improvement (Boston-Brookline, Mass.), 451, 452, 459
[634]
Napoleon III (emperor of France), 145, 316, 348, 499, 530–31
Nash, John, 238, 347
Nassau Water Works (Brooklyn, N.Y.), 97
Nation, 49, 202
National Association for the Promotion of Social Science: Transactions, 173, 202
National Conference for Good City Government, 612
Natural scenery, 5, 9, 22, 31, 256, 344–45, 365, 366, 368, 465, 476, 543; charm of, 31, 366, 374, 478, 546; imitation of, 89
Nazing, England, 528
Nelson, Admiral Horatio, 33, 34, 35, 361, 412, 417, 418
Nelson, Swain, 20
New American Cyclopædia, 29
Newark, N.J., 203, 427; and public park for, 205
New England, 175
New Jersey: public parks in, 200
New London, Conn., 427
New Orleans, La., 533
Newport, R.I., 584, 594
New York (city), 14, 128, 131, 191, 230, 427, 501; acquisition of land for public parks in, 200; boulevards for, 271, 279, 280; Common Council of, 7–8; development of, 512; fire in, 180, 203; ice skating in, 108–9; and laying out of streets above 155th Street, 200, 329; movement for public parks in, 7–8, 75, 77–78, 192, 271, 324, 336, 602, 614; street railways in, 176; Tombs, the, 73, 77; Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth wards, 530; “Tweed Charter,” 273; Tweed Ring, 273; use of pneumatic tubes in, 203
—parks and public spaces in, 16, 185, 279–80, 468, 497, 580, 611; Battery, the, 279, 339, 348; Bronx Park, 530; City Hall Park, 279; Claremont Park, 530; Crotona Park, 530; Madison Square, 279; Manhattan Square, 264; Morningside Park, 279; Mount Morris Square, 279; parkways, 13, 314; Pelham Bay Park, 530; Riverside Park, 279, 529; St. Mary’s Park, 530; Tompkins, Square, 279; Union Square, 279; Van Cortlandt Park, 530; Washington Square, 279
New York Central Railroad, 594
New York County Courthouse, 5, 248, 249, 275
New-York Daily Tribune, 27, 175, 202, 500–501, 531
New York Evening Post, 47
New York Herald, 18, 26, 194, 198; criticizes Central Park, 531
New-York Historical Society, 104, 110, 531
New York State Survey, 48, 570
New York Sun, 500, 531
New-York Times, 201
Niagara Falls, 46, 49, 331; as a mill site, 537
Niagara Falls, N.Y. (village), 547; and canal, 575; history of, 570; museum for, 547, 572; Soldiers’ Monument, 561, 574
Niagara Falls Association, 50
Niagara Reservation (N.Y.), 46–53; boundaries of, 51, 556; carriage service for, 543, 548–51, 564–65, 572; creation of, 46, 50, 571–72; damage to original site of, 48–49, 570; “distinctive charms” of, 49; enclosures for, 559, 561; entrances to, 556, 561; ferry at, 574; funding for, 52–53; history of, 539–41; movement for creation of, 49, 539, 571; passages of natural scenery in, 535, 543, 546; removal of artificial features from, 535, 537, 541–42, 543, 557, 570; use of iron railing in, 574; plan of, 544–45; and Prospect Park, 540, 541, 555, 571; and Prospect Point, 571; regulations for, 568–69; unconscious influence of scenery, 47; visitors to, 536, 540, 547, 548, 552, 553, 554, 561, 568, 572, 573
—architectural structures in: ferry house, 557; ferry landing, 557, 574; Goat Island shelters, 566; Inclined Railway, 556, 557, 558, 574; Lower Grove cottage, 557; Old French Landing, 560–61, 574; shelters, 53; superintendent’s office, 556, 561; visitor’s house, 556; wooden balcony at Hennepin’s View, 558; wooden staircase to Cave of the Winds, 566–67; Upper Grove shelters, 556
—areas in: Cave of the Winds, 553, 566–67, 574; Grove, The, 540; Hennepin’s View, 554, 558; Lower Grove, 555, 556, 557–59; Prospect Point, 49, [635] 574; Terrapin Rock, 564, 572; Upper Grove, 555, 556, 561, 572
—bridges and arches: foot bridge to Sister Islands, 543; foot bridges, 563–64; Suspension Bridge, 557, 574
—circulation system of: carriage drive, 53; concourses, 560–61; drives, 564–65; Riverway, 560, 561, 575; walks, 560, 565–66
—falls and rapids, 540, 556, 562, 564; American Fall, 46, 49, 551, 553, 557, 558, 559, 564, 567, 574; American rapids, 48, 49, 570; Canadian Falls, 46, 548, 553, 557, 564, 568; Canadian rapids, 548, 572; Horseshoe Falls, 572; recession of, 553, 573; viewing of, 550, 551, 552, 553, 556, 557, 558, 561, 562, 563
—Goat Island, 46, 47–48, 49, 53, 546, 556, 560, 561, 562, 574; admission fee to, 543, 572; carriage service for, 550–52, 565; concourses at Porter’s Bluff and Stedman’s Bluff, 549; drive on, 564–65, 569, 574; eating-house on, 546; landscape treatment of, 562; ownership of, 572; Porter’s Bluff, 548, 554, 562, 564, 566, 568, 573; sale of, 541; Stedman’s Bluff, 554, 558, 564, 567, 574; view of, 563; walks on, 565–66
—islands: Bath Island, 49, 53, 563; Luna Island, 53, 545, 564, 567; Sister Islands, 53, 543, 562, 564, 572
—landscape features of, 543–45, 559; plant materials, 48, 559, 561–62
—reservation commission, 539; instructions of, to FLO and CV, 570–71; suggests building museum and library on, 572
Niagara Reservation Carriage Service Company, 572
Niagara River, 46, 552, 570, 574
Niles, William Woodruff, 36, 37
Norman, Henry, 50, 572
North, Christopher, 154; Noctes Ambrosianae, 157
Norton, Charles Eliot, 44, 49, 51; and efforts to create Niagara Reservation, 50, 571
O’Brien, Hugh, 44, 45, 454, 480, 528
Ogee curve, 445, 457
Olmsted, Frederick Law (1822–1903): as advisor to Manhattan street commission, 145; campaigns for Niagara Reservation, 571; collaborates with CV on Niagara Reservation, 46; difficulties of designing Mount Royal, 412; dislike of design competitions, 455; ends partnership with CV, 32; as general secretary of U.S. Sanitary Commission, 19, 35; health of, 35, 62, 455; as landscape architect, 356; manages Mariposa Estate, 10, 144; moves to Brookline, Mass., 4, 35; publishes own writings, 4; and redesign of the New York State Capitol, 168, 457; relations of, with Andrew H. Green, 50–51; relations of, with CV, 51–52; resigns from Stanford University work, 614; and Staten Island farm, 6, 529
—Central Park: campaigns against using as site for World’s Fair, 346; fired from Central Park work, 35; and keepers force, 307; as president of Central Park board, 26; resigns from Central Park work, 28, 614
—landscape design projects: Ames family (North Easton, Mass.), 457; Back Bay Fens, 6, 23, 437, 442; Beardsley Park (Bridgeport, Conn.), 478, 527; Belle Isle (Detroit, Mich.), 4, 45, 419, 433–34; Boston park system, 16, 17, 40, 42, 457, 459; Buffalo park system, 14–17, 18, 55; Central Park (N.Y.C.), 8, 16, 18, 19, 51–52; Charlesbank (Boston, Mass.), 42, 45, 56; College of California (Berkeley, Calif.), 4, 8; Franklin Park (Boston, Mass.), 43–46; Hartford, Conn., 18, 57; Jackson Park (Chicago, Ill.), revised plan for, 20; John Crosby Brown estate (Orange Mountain, N.J.), 614; Lake Wauconda (Perry Park, Colo.), 614; Long Branch, N.J., 205; Louisville, Ky., park system, 16; Marine Park (Boston, Mass.), 595; Mclean Hospital (Belmont, Mass.), 519, 534; Minneapolis, Minn., park system, 57; Morningside Park (N.Y.C.), 16, 279; Mount Royal (Montreal, Quebec, Canada), 4, 351, 411; Muddy River Sanitary Improvement (Boston-Brookline, Mass.), 43, 459; Niagara Reservation (N.Y.), 46–53, [636] 168; Parkside (Buffalo, N.Y.), 16–17, 32; Prospect Park (Brooklyn, N.Y.), 18; Riverside, Ill., 18, 19; Riverside Park (N.Y.C.), 16, 279, 529; Riverway (Boston, Mass.), 43; Rochester, N.Y., park system, 16, 57; San Francisco public pleasure grounds, 8; South Park (Chicago. Ill.), 18, 19–23, 23, 45, 54–57, 55, 56; South Park (Fall River, Mass.), 18; Springfield, Mass., 18; Stanford University (Palo Alto, Calif.), 614; Strawberry Creek (Berkeley, Calif.), 43; Tompkins Square (N.Y.C.), 16, 30, 280; Union Square (N.Y.C.), 16; Massachusetts Agricultural College, 4; U.S. Capitol grounds (Washington, D.C.), 32, 51, 416; Walnut Hill Park (New Britain, Conn.), 18; Wood Island Park (Boston, Mass.), 516, 534; World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago, Ill.), 20, 42, 595; Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Big Tree Grove, 9, 46–47
—parks and public spaces: benefits of, 44, 197, 366–67; charms of natural scenery in, 546; collaboration of professionals in design of, 6, 598, 606; collaboration with architects in design of, 42, 437, 448; collaboration with engineers in design of, 437, 442–45, 450–52; cultivation of natural scenery in, 32; definition of, 30, 31, 151–52, 313, 335, 341; design principles for, 5, 403–4, 406; drives in, 88–89; duties of park commissions of, 606; elements of, 343, 514, 522–23; importance of broad expanses of turf in, 311; importance of natural scenery in, 477; importance of promenades in, 18; and influence of scenery, 107, 344–45; landscape effects in, 90–91; landscape styles in, 7, 30; limiting access to greensward in, 109; management of, 6; and parkways, 13, 191; and passages of scenery in, 21–22, 45; placement of, 161; playing of team sports in, 109; purpose of, 5–6, 10, 86–88, 152–53, 160, 363; requirements for laying out a road in, 372–74, 377; in semiarid regions, 8; separation of ways in, 8; and the unconscious influence of, 29, 47; use of the picturesque in design of, 189–90; use of the plaisance in, 218; use of the pastoral in design of, 14; value of, 514–17
—social values and the idea of civilization: advantages of town life, 17; civic responsibility, 29, 107; “communitiveness,” 10; importance of education, 104; influence of women in townward movement, 174–75; lives of women in towns, 518–19; views on town planning, 12
—travels: the American South, 4; California, 8, 9, 46–47, 50, 388, 416; Chicago, Ill., 19; China, 4; England, 4, 6, 30, 75, 148, 155–56, 173, 202, 349, 596; Europe, 4, 6, 30, 35, 336, 347, 348, 349, 356, 412, 441, 455; France, 352, 526; Gulf Coast, 22; Isthmus of Panama, 22, 108; Niagara Falls, N.Y., 46; seaside resorts, 427; Texas, 14, 148–51, 150, 155, 156; Yosemite Valley, 19
—writings, 4; “A Brief History of the Rural Park of Buffalo, with Reference to its Management, Cost, and Value,” 532; A Consideration of the Justifying Value of a Public Park, 4, 5, 31–32; A Few Things to be Thought of before Proceeding to Plan Buildings for the National Agricultural Colleges, 4; on the American South, 107; Belle Isle: After One Year, 4, 37–40; Brooklyn park report (1866), 9–12, 10, 30; Brooklyn parkways report (1868), 12–14; Central Park keepers report (1873), 5, 25–29, 307; Central Park letters (1872), 24–25; Cincinnati park report, 5, 57–59; “The Future of New-York,” 12; “General Plan for the Improvement of the Niagara Reservation,” 4, 46–53; Governmental Preservation of Natural Scenery, 4–5; Mount Royal, Montreal, 4, 32–37; “Notes by Mr. Olmsted,” in Special Report of New York State Survey on the Preservation of the Scenery at Niagara Falls . . ., 48; Notes on the Plan of Franklin Park and Related Matters, 43–46, 57; Observations on the Treatment of Public Plantations, More Especially [637] Relating to The Use of the Axe, 4; “Park” (1875), 7, 29, 29–30, 62, 204; The Park for Detroit, 4, 38, 420, 429, 434, 436; “The People’s Park at Birkenhead, near Liverpool,” 7–8; “Plan for a Public Park on the Flats South of Buffalo,” 54–57; Preliminary Report in Regard to a Plan of Public Pleasure Grounds for the City of San Francisco, 9; “Preliminary Report upon the Yosemite and Big Tree Grove,” 9, 19; “Public Parks and the Enlargement of Towns,” 17–19; “Report on the South Parkway Question,” 594; Report Upon a Projected Improvement of the Estate of the College of California, at Berkeley, near Oakland, 4; The Spoils of the Park, 4, 36, 59; Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England, 6, 155–56
Olmsted, Frederick Law, Jr. (son) (1870–1957), 37
Olmsted, John Charles (nephew, stepson) (1852–1920), 3, 52, 58, 413, 416, 434, 435, 527, 612
Olmsted, John Hull (brother) (1825–1857), 6, 14, 148, 150, 155, 349
Olmsted, Vaux & Company (1866–1872), 9, 417; and description of parkways, 3
—landscape design projects, 3; Brooklyn, N.Y., parkways, 13, 137, 142; Buffalo, N.Y., park system, 14–17, 18, 55, 165, 167, 170, 526; Buffalo State Hospital for the Insane, 594; Central Park (N.Y.C.), 18, 24; Delaware Park (The Park) (Buffalo, N.Y.), 21, 41, 158, 592; Fairmount Park (Philadelphia, Pa.), 330; Jackson Park (Chicago, Ill.), 42; Manhattan street plans, 12–13; Parade, The (Buffalo, N.Y.), 143; Prospect Park (Brooklyn, N.Y.), 10, 16, 18, 80, 84–85, 112, 113, 143, 417; Riverside, Ill., 18, 236, 526; Seaside Park (Bridgeport, Conn.), 159–60, 169; South Park (Chicago, Ill.), 18, 19–23, 24, 55, 206, 235, 330, 526; Tompkins Square (Brooklyn, N.Y.), 30; Union Square (N.Y.C.), 279; Walnut Hill Park (New Britain, Conn.), 181, 203–4
—writings: Brooklyn parkways report (1868), 12–14; “Preliminary Report for Prospect Park,” 115; Preliminary Report upon the Proposed Suburban Village at Riverside, Near Chicago, 236
Olmsted and Vaux (landscape architects): as landscape architects to DPP board, 273; reappointment to DPP board, 240; relations of, with DPP board, 240, 273, 275; reports of, to DPP board, 275
Ornithological Society (London), 228, 238
Overland Monthly, 171, 201
Palgrave, Francis Turner: Essays on Art, 258, 276
Pall Mall Gazette, 389, 417
Paris, France, 13, 128, 173, 209, 258, 333–34, 470, 525; and acquisition of park property, 159; boulevards and avenues in, 16, 314, 317, 471; improvements in, 145; as site for Universal Exhibition, 16; street system of, 117, 130, 342
—parks and public spaces in, 30, 315, 336, 340, 521, 587, 601, 602; Champ de Mars, 221; Champs Elysées, 185, 186, 204; la Croisée de Paris, 144; Tour St. Jacques la Boucherie, 526
Parkman, Francis, 49
Parks and public spaces, 327, 331, 469–71; architectural structures in, 153, 262; artificial elements of, 515; botanical gardens in, 312; boundaries of, 311; commissions for, 334, 361; cost of, 166–67, 332, 497, 507; crime in, 218; definition of, 31, 148, 151–52, 218, 308, 313, 331, 335, 338–42, 476–77, 600; designs for, 312–13; drives in, 88–89, 108; duties of commissions of, 606; historical uses of, 308–9, 339–41, 467; and landscape architecture, 308; landscape qualities of, 83, 151–56, 189; management of, 6, 338; and parkways, 130; passages of scenery in, 5; pastoral scenery in, 14; plantations as principal element of, 514; promenades in, 189; purposes of, 5–6, 10, 83, 84–88, 152–53, 160, 207, 310; sites for, 80, 310–11, 342, 343, 364, 419–20, 464–66; therapeutic aspects of, 5, 10, 11, 366–67, 464, 475, 479, [638] 522, 580, 603–4, 605; use of the plaisance in, 218; used by invalids, 520; value of, 332–33, 343, 514–17; visitors to, 5, 464, 518, 521. See also names of individual parks and public spaces
—in Australia: in Melbourne, 513
—in the British Isles, 149, 155, 308, 311, 336, 339, 580, 601; Acton Green (London), 320; Alexandra Park (London), 319; Arthur’s Seat (Edinburgh), 473, 526–27; Battersea Park (London), 204, 319; Birkenhead Park (Birkenhead), 30, 321, 322, 330, 348; in Birmingham, 321; in Bradford, 321; Bushy Park (London), 320; Camberwell (London), 319; in Chester, 321; Chiselhurst Common (London), 319; Clapham Common (London), 319; Crystal Palace (Sydenham), 226, 237, 319; in Derby, 321; Ealing Green (London), 320; Eaton Hall and Park, 71, 76; Epping Forest (London), 319, 320, 336, 347; Finsbury Park (London), 318; Greenlanes, the (London), 319; Green Park (London), 319; Greenwich Common (London), 319; Greenwich Park (London), 319; Hackney Downs (London), 319; Hainault Forest (London), 319, 320; in Halifax, 321; Hampstead Heath (London), 319; Hampton Court (park) (London), 320; Hayes Common (London), 319; in Hereford, 321; Hyde Park (London), 77, 190, 204, 209, 236, 319, 320, 321, 333, 340, 342, 349, 515, 530, 531; Kensington Gardens (London), 209, 236, 319, 320, 389; Kew Gardens (Kew), 320; in Leeds, 321; Lewisham Common (London), 319; in Liverpool, 365, 497, 513; in London, 365, 497; in Manchester, 321; and Parliament’s policies relating to, 339, 340; Peckham Rye (London), 319; Phoenix Park (Dublin), 30, 62, 153, 322; Primrose Hill (London), 319; Regent’s Park (London), 319, 321, 348; Richmond Park (London), 31, 206, 235, 319; Rotten Row (Hyde Park) (London), 320; in Salisbury, 322; Sefton Park (Liverpool), 321; Shepherd’s Bush (London), 319; Southwark Park (London), 319; St. James’s Park (London), 206, 222, 228, 236, 237, 238, 319, 321, 336, 347, 348, 487; Tooting Beck Common (London), 319; Tooting Graveney Common (London), 319; Victoria Park, 318, 319, 321; Wandsworth Common (London), 319; Wimbledon Common (London), 319; in Winchester, 322; Windsor Great Park, 31, 38, 309, 320, 339, 348; Woolwich Common (London), 319; Wormwood Scrubs (London), 320
—in Canada: in Montreal, Quebec, 324
—in Europe: 218, 310, 311, 341, 497, 580, 601; in Antwerp, 323; Avenue de Bois de Boulogne (Paris), 521; Avenue de I’Imperatrice (Paris), 13, 134, 135, 145, 317; in Baden, 323; in Belgium, 336; in Berlin, 340; Bois de Boulogne, 209, 236, 311, 315, 316, 317, 318, 322, 330, 333, 348, 349, 499, 521, 530–31; Bois de Vincennes (Paris), 311, 315, 316, 318, 349; in Brunswick, 323; in Brussels, 497; Cascine (Florence), 323–24, 349; in Cassel, 323; Champ de Mars (Paris), 221, 237; Champs Elysées (Paris), 185, 186, 204, 317, 521; Chantilly, 315; Charlottenburg (Prussia), 323; in Cologne, 323; Compiègne, 315; in Copenhagen, 323; in Darmstadt, 323; in Dijon, 334; Djurgården (Stockholm), 323, 349, 589; in Dresden, 323; in Dusseldorf, 323; Dyrhave (Copenhagen), 323; Englisher Garten (Munich), 62, 322–23, 340, 349; in Florence, 340; Fontainebleau, 206, 235, 315, 316, 317, 432, 436, 525; in Frankfort, 322; in Genoa, 365; in Germany, 323, 336; in Gotha, 323; Haga Park (Stockholm), 216, 236; in the Hague, 323; in Hamburg, 323; in Hanover, 323; Heiligensee (Prussia), 323; in Italy, 336; Jardin des Tuileries (Paris), 333, 347; Katharinenhof gardens (St. Petersburg), 323; in Leipsic, 322; Lido [639] (Venice), 216, 236; Marly, 315; in Milan, 365; in Munich, 340; in Naples, 324; Parc de la Colombière (Dijon), 347, 352, 411; Parc de Monceau (Paris), 204, 206, 236; in Paris, 340, 365, 497, 513; Pincian Hill (Rome), 324; in Prague, 323; Prater (Vienna), 322; Rambouillet, 315; Riviera di Chiaja (Naples), 324; in Rome, 324; St. Cloud (Paris), 315; St. Germain (Paris), 315; Sans Souci (Prussia), 323; in Schwetzingen, 323; in Stockholm, 323, 340; in St. Petersburg, 323, 376; in Stuttgart, 323; in Teplitz (Teplice), 323, 330; Thiergarten (Berlin), 136, 323, 349; Tour St. Jacques la Boucherie (Paris), 470, 526; Tsarskoye Selo (St. Petersburg), 323, 415; Unter den Linden (Berlin), 13, 134, 135, 136, 145, 521; Versailles, 258, 276, 313, 315; in Vienna, 322; in Warsaw, 323; in Weimar, 323; in Worlitz, 323
—in the United States, 311, 313, 314, 327, 341, 497, 580, 601; in Albany, N.Y., 324, 498; in Baltimore, Md., 324; Beardsley Park (Bridgeport, Conn.), 478, 530; in Bridgeport, Conn., 498; in Brooklyn, N.Y., 324; Buena Vista Park (San Francisco, Calif.), 8; in Buffalo, N.Y., 324, 328, 513; Burnett Wood (Cincinnati, Ohio), 329; Bushnell Park (Hartford, Conn.), 159, 168–69; Central (Garfield) Park (Chicago, Ill.), 20; in Chicago, Ill., 324, 328, 513; in Cincinnati, Ohio, 324, 329; Douglas Park (Chicago, Ill.), 20; Druid Hill Park (Baltimore, Md.), 328; East Rock Park (New Haven, Conn.), 473, 526, 530; Eden Park (Cincinnati, Ohio), 329; Fairmount Park (Philadelphia, Pa.), 62, 327–28; Golden Gate Park (San Francisco, Calif.), 30, 329; Humboldt Park (Chicago, Ill.), 20; Lincoln Park (Chicago, Ill.), 20; in New Haven, Conn., 498; in New York City, 324; in Philadelphia, Pa., 324, 513; in Providence, R.I., 324; in San Francisco, Calif., 324, 513; in St. Louis, Mo., 324, 328, 513; Seaside Park (Bridgeport, Conn.), 159–60, 169; Tower Grove Park (St. Louis, Mo.), 328; Walnut Hill Park (New Britain, Conn.), 181, 203–4; Washington Park (Albany, N.Y.), 530
Parkways, 3, 13, 18, 134–40, 145, 165–67, 191, 313, 471, 521; and neighborhood residences, 138–40; and separation of ways, 13
Paxton, Sir Joseph, 7, 61, 77, 321, 330, 336, 348; designs Birkenhead Park, 71–73
Peel, Sir Robert, 511, 533
Pepys, Samuel, 333, 347
Philadelphia, Pa., 230; Centennial Exhibition in, 16; public spaces in, 497; streets in, 124; Wire Bridge over Schuylkill River, 439, 440, 453; Wissahickon Valley and Creek in, 210, 236, 330
Picton, W. J., 361, 414
Pierpont, John, 528
Pierpont, Robert, 528
Piers: at seaside resorts, 236–37
Plymouth, Mass., 183–84, 204
Pollard, Frank, 278
Porter, Albert H., 572
Porter, Augustus, 570, 572
Porter, Peter B., 570
Portland, Me., 427
Portsmouth, N.H., 427
Portugal, 186
Post, George B., 453
Potter, Howard, 205
Price, Uvedale, 262, 276
Prospect Park (Brooklyn, N.Y.), 9–12, 30, 41, 141, 186, 417, 478, 487, 513, 527, 530; acquisition of land for, 107, 159; approaches to, 114; Brooklyn Sunday-school Union parade held in, 485–86; carriages used in, 144; children in, 485–86; construction of, 113–14, 506; cost of, 505, 507, 508; design for, 91; effect of, on property values, 133, 229; English sparrows in, 227; exterior streets of, 102–3; gardeners for, 114, 143; keepers for, 114, 143; law regarding taxation for, 534; and May Festival, 429; map of, 327; picnicking in, 485; plan of, 84–85, 109, 143; playing of team sports in, 96; and Quaker (Friends’) Cemetery, 109; recreational features of, 112, [640] 188; and suburban connections, 105–6; use of pastoral scenery in design of, 10, 11, 94; visitors to, 11, 114, 143, 521, 529; Willink Estate, 101
—architectural structures in: arcade-terrace-restaurant complex, 95, 109; Breeze Hill carriage concourse, 109; carriage concourses, 11, 108, 112, 142; Litchfield Mansion, 12, 109; Lookout Tower, 95; music concourse, 101; Overlook terrace, 108; refectory, 11, 15, 99, 100; terraces, 11; Thatched Shelter, 143
—areas in: Breeze Hill, 142; Briar Hill, 112; “children’s ground,” 12, 15, 143; Concert Grove, 109, 142; croquet grounds, 112; deer paddock, 109, 112; Deer Park, 97, 100, 101; Friend’s Hill, 97, 99; Long Meadow (Green), 9, 10, 61, 91, 96, 99, 100, 107, 109, 142, 143, 485; Lookout Hill, 94–95, 99, 100, 101, 109; maze, 112; music grove, 11; music island, 21, 95, 99; Neathermead, 97; playground, 113, 143; promenade, 11; zoological garden, 96–97, 101, 103, 109
—boundaries of, 9–10, 80, 81, 101–2, 106–7, 112, 168; Coney Island Road, 99, 101, 102, 103; 15th Street, 100, 102; Flatbush Avenue, 9, 12, 81, 88, 100, 108, 143; Franklin Avenue, 99, 101, 102; Ninth Avenue, 99, 100, 100–101, 102, 107; plan for, 82; 16th Street, 101; Vanderbilt Avenue, 102
—bridges and arches, 113; East Wood Arch, 110, 143; Endale Arch, 110, 143; Meadowport Arch, 110; Terrace Bridge, 142
—circulation system of, 11; drives, 98–100, 109, 114; rides, 100; walks, 95, 100
—entrances, 100–101, 102–3, 143; 15th Street, 103; Flatbush Avenue, 103, 110; Franklin Avenue, 103; gates, 429; Grand Army Plaza, 106, 110, 114–15; Ninth Avenue, 103, 110; 16th Street, 103; Willink Entrance, 103, 110, 143
—landscape features of, 90–92, 112; plant materials, 91, 96, 97
—parkways, 3, 12, 105–6, 114–15, 141; to Coney Island, 137; Eastern Parkway, 142; to Fort Hamilton, 137; and neighborhood residences, 138–40; Ocean Parkway, 110, 142; plan for, 137; to Ravenswood, 137
—site of, 9, 80, 81, 83, 90–91, 91–92, 102, 115, 311, 327; purchase of property for, 532
—water features, 94, 97; boat pond (Vale of Cashmere), 12, 143; Prospect Lake, 9, 11, 93, 95, 99, 100, 106, 142; pond, 112
Providence, R. I., 427, and Cove basin, 443, 456
Prussia, 173
Psalm, Twenty-third, 11, 108, 371
Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park (Canadian Reservation), 53, 537, 551, 555, 561, 573; creation of, 570; military road on, 551, 573; view of falls from, 552; view of, from Niagara Reservation, 557
Radford, George Kent, 17, 32, 51
Rauch, John, 20
Ravenswood (Queens County, N.Y.), 111; proposed parkway to, 105
Recreation, 186, 187, 189
Redpath, John, 417
Remington, John R., 77
Richardson, Henry Hobson (1838–1886), 6, 39, 42–43, 46, 168, 448, 450, 457, 458; relations of, with FLO, 457
Riverside, Ill., 19, 20
Robb, James Hampden, 571
Robertson, James Hunter, 74; The Present Sanatory Condition of Birkenhead, 77
Robinson, Lucius, 48, 571
Robinson, William (1838–1935), 48, 49, 257, 330, 388; relations of, with FLO, 416
—writings: Alpine Flowers for English Gardens, 388, 417; God’s Acre Beautiful; or, The Cemeteries of the Future, 615; Parks, Promenades, and Gardens of Paris, 318; The Wild Garden, 276, 388, 417
Rochester, N. Y, 16, 57, 584; resorts at, 595
Roebling, John A., 453
Roebling, Washington A., 453
Rome: building laws of, 145, 178, 203; resorts [641] in, 334; streets in, 12; villas of, 139, 347
Rosa, Salvator, 432, 436
Rotch and Tilden (architects), 529
Roxbury, Mass., 528; flooding in, 456
Royal Society (London), 347
Rumsey, Henry W., 236
Ruskin, John (1819–1900), 31, 49, 262, 276, 345, 349, 351, 381, 411, 416, 477, 478, 522, 534
—writings: Modem Painters, 349; The Seven Lamps of Architecture, 524, 534
Russia, 173
Ryan, Columbus, 279
St. Petersburg, Russia: streets in, 124
Salway, William, 615
San Francisco, Calif., 8, 9, 14, 191, 201
Scarborough family, 527
Scenery: public appreciation of, 31; tropical, 213
Schwarzmann, Herman J., 330
Sckell, Friedrich Ludwig, 349
Scott, Sir Walter, 371; Woodstock, 340, 349
Scoville, Jonathan, 532
Seaver, Ebenezer, 528
Shairp, John Campbell, 367, 414, 527; On Poetic Interpretation of Nature, 367, 414, 478
Shakespeare, William, 350, 411; The Merry Wives of Windsor, 339, 348
Shenstone, William, 262, 276
Simonds, O. C., 23
Slade, James, 532
Smith, Sydney, 257, 276
Smyth, C. Piazzi: Three Cities in Russia, 415
South Park (Buffalo, N.Y.), 3, 54–57; boating on, 589, 590; and Cazenovia Creek, 585, 595; compared to Delaware Park, 592; construction of, 584–85; cost of, 591; design map of, 578–79, 582–83; footbridge, 586; and Hamburg Turnpike, 584, 594; and ice skating in winter, 588–89; and Lake Erie, 56, 584; plan for, 55, 56; propagating birds on, 21, 586, 595; use of, 583; use of, for children, 586; water features of, 586
—approaches to, 589; by water, 55, 594
—architectural structures in: boat landing, 586; Crocker Mansion, 584, 594; pier, 584; public horse-sheds, 584; refectory, 586; sheltered pool, 56
—areas in: athletic ground, 56, 583, 584; Rifle range, 56, 588–89, 591; Green, 583, 584; Gymnasium, 583; islands, 585, 586, 590; lake beach, 584
—landscape features of, 585–86
—site of, 55, 581–82, 582–83, 594; FLO visits, 592; value of, 591
South Park (Chicago, Ill.), 19–23; advantages of plan for, 230–31; approaches to, 221, 222, 230, 233; bridges and arches, 226; and Chicago River, 225; construction of, 212, 230, 232, 233; design for, 22, 209; effect of, on real estate values, 228–29; entrances to, 234; gates and fences for, 226; exterior streets, 234; and Hyde Park Avenue, 225; military reviews on, 217; night use of, 21, 223, 226, 586; passages of scenery in, 22; plan of, 214, 215, 220, 235; playing of team sports on, 217; propagating animals on, 228; propagating birds on, 227–28; regulations of use on, 218; relation of, to Lake Michigan, 21, 22, 209, 212, 213, 213, 216, 225, 226, 228, 230; site of, 20, 21–22, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211, 235; visitors to, 216
—circulation system of, 21, 225, 230, 231–32; drives, 219–21; rides, 221; walks, 221
—landscape features of, 211, 213–17, 221–24, 226–27; plant materials, 21, 22–23, 224
—Lower Division (later named Jackson Park), 212, 213, 216, 235; Belvedere, 20, 226, 231; Belvedere lawn, 226, 231; boat landing, 20; concourse, 20, 226, 231; islands, 21, 227; Kiosk, 227; Lagoon, 20, 21, 22, 42, 216, 217, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 232; Lagoon Plaisance, 219, 226; Lagoon Terrace, 227; Lakeopen Green, 21, 226; Lakeopen Ground, 21, 219, 225; music island, 227; Park Haven, 226; Park Haven Green, 21, 226; Park Haven pier, 21, 217, 231; Park Haven Quay, 227; Picnic woods, 20, 227; Pier, 225, 226, 227; Promenade Concert Ground, 21, 226; terrace, 226
—Middle Division, 20, 216, 219, 229, 230; Midway Plaisance, 20, 21, 22, [642] 23, 219, 224, 225, 230, 235; Midway Basins, 224, 228, 230, 231, 232; Midway Place, 225
—parkways: Parkway Quadrant, 234; Pavilion Parkway, 222, 237, 526; Southgrove Parkway, 222, 233, 234, 237, 526; Southopen Parkway, 221–22, 233–34, 237, 526
—Upper Division (later named Washington Park), 211, 212, 216, 219, 229, 230, 235, 526; apartments, 223; carriage concourse, 222; deer paddock, 20, 224; Farmstead Close, 20, 224; flower garden, 224; Glade, 232; island, 222; mall, 20, 223, 224; Mere, 224, 228, 230, 232; Pavilion, 20, 222, 223; pool, 222, 232; Ramble, 20, 224, 232; Southopen Green, 20, 21, 22, 221, 231, 232; Southopen Ground, 21, 219, 221, 222, 224, 226, 231, 232, 233; Upper Plaisance, 219, 223, 224, 228, 230, 232
Spain, 186
Spencer, Herbert: Essays: Moral, Political and Æsthetic, 152, 156
Springfield Republican, 172, 201
Spring Grove Cemetery (Cincinnati, Ohio), 608, 609–10, 611, 614–15
Statue of Liberty, 453–54
Stebbins, Henry George, 28, 239, 273; restored as president of park board, 240
Stedman, John, 574
Stetson and Radford, 275
Stettin, Germany, 173
Stirling, John, 435
Stone, Charles Pomeroy, 440, 453–54
Stranahan, James Samuel Thomas, 106, 142, 229, 238
Strauch, Adolph (1822–1883), 58, 330, 607–9, 611, 614–15; creates “lawn system,” 615; and unhappiness with Cincinnati park board, 616
Streets: arrangement of, 12–13, 143–44; asphalt paving of, 176, 203; history of design of, 117–19, 121–23, 123–24; “red cross,” 204; and sidewalks, 182; system of, in U.S. cities, 116; and trees, 183
Sturgis, Edward, 612, 613
Stuttgart, Germany, 173
Sweeny, Peter B., 273, 274
Symonds, John Addington, 367, 415
Syracuse, N.Y.: parkways in, 314
Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 310, 329, 345, 349
Temple, F. L., 458–59
Tennyson, Alfred, 371
Thompson, Benjamin (Count von Rumford), 323, 340, 349
Thompson, William Gillon, 434
Thorough drainage, 73, 238
Tiemann, Daniel Fawcett, 205
Tilden, Samuel, 51
Tompkins Square (Brooklyn, N.Y.), 30; as site for parade ground, 271, 279–80
Towns: advantages of, 176, 177–78; development of parkways for, 314; changing designs of, 236; ill effects of, 5, 17–18, 31, 125, 179–80, 236, 366, 474, 533, 602, 605; enlargement of, 31, 125–26, 126–27, 469, 602; future construction of, 12; heating of dwellings in, 177; importance of recreation in, 184, 185, 186, 475; importance of rural scenery in, 499; importance of trees in, 182–83; movement from country to, 174; overcrowding in, 17–18; parks and public spaces in, 83, 189–90, 218, 469; purposes of, 117, 122, 342; separation of business and domestic life in, 128; sidewalks in, 182; street arrangements in, 122, 123, 127, 128, 130; and suburban neighborhoods, 129, 178; use of pneumatic tubes in, 177; walled, 117–18, 183, 467
Trollope, Anthony, 184, 204
Turner, Joseph Mallord William, 310, 329, 432, 436
Turnvereine, 223, 237
Tweed Ring (N.Y.C.), 19, 24
Ulrich, Rudolph, 143
Union Pacific Railroad, 116, 143
U.S. Geological Survey, 553
Vaux, Calvert (1824–1895), 8, 9, 16, 32, 50, 53, 54, 275, 417; advises Manhattan street commission, 145; advises Prospect Park commission, 106; designs Central Park Belvedere, 108; designs Central Park Dairy, 275; designs [643] iron railing used at Niagara, 574; designs Metropolitan Museum of Art, 531; designs Prospect Park arches, 110; opposes use of Central Park as site for World’s Fair, 346; plan of, for Prospect Park, 82, 108
—landscape design projects: Central Park (N.Y.C.), 51–52; Niagara Reservation (N.Y.), 46–53
—writings: Brooklyn park report (1866), 79; Brooklyn parkways report (1868), 112; Buffalo park report, 158; Central Park letters, 239; “General Plan for the Improvement of the Niagara Reservation,” 535; “Report Accompanying Plan for Laying out the South Park,” 206; “Preliminary Report on Boundaries,” 143, 532
Vaux, Downing, 53
Vaux, Withers & Company, 417
Vaux & Radford, 51
Vaux & Withers, 417
Viele, Egbert L., 532
Vienna, Austria, 258
Villard, Henry, 17
Waitt, Benjamin, 528
Waitt, Samuel, 528
Waitt family, 528
Wales, 173
Warder, Reuben Haines, 58, 597, 612, 613
Washington, D.C., 37; parkways in, 314
Washington Park (Chicago, Ill.), 21, 22, 23. See also South Park (Chicago, Ill.), Lower Division
Weidenmann, Jacob, 168
Welch, Thomas Vincent, 545, 572, 573, 574
Wheeler, Nathaniel, 169
Whittemore, Frederick W., 307
Whittier, James, 49
Wilder, Marshall Pinckney, 497, 498, 505, 529–30
Wilson, Joseph M., 453
Windsor Line ferry, 39
Wisedell, Thomas, 32, 34, 391, 417
Withers, Frederick C., 417
Withers, Robert, 417
Woodward, Robert, 573
Wordsworth, Dorothy, 366, 414, 478
Wordsworth, William, 350, 366, 367, 368, 411, 414, 478, 534
World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago, Ill.), 20, 23, 42, 613; and electric launches, 595
Wren, Christopher, 121, 124; and plan for London, 144, 180–81, 203
Yeats, John: “On Human Growth in Towns,” 202
Yosemite Valley, 19, 46–47
Yosemite Valley and Mariposa Big Tree Grove, 5; grant of, 9, 614